IB Geography Core Topic: Populations in Transition Revision

IB Diploma Programme Geography Core Theme - Patterns and Change
Unit 1: Populations in Transitions

1. Population Change
Key words:

• Trend (Increase, Decrease) (Overtime)

A general direction in which something is developing or changing

• Pattern (Spatial)

A regular and intelligible or sequence recognised in certain actions or situations

• Birth Rate and Death Rate

The number of death/1,000 people in a particular area per year (Death Rate)
The number of birth/1,000 people in a particular area per year (Birth Rate)

• Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of children less than one year old per 1,000 live births

• Child Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of children under age of five (5) per 1,000 children

• Fertility Rate

The average number of children would be born to a woman over her lifetime

• Natural Increases

Birth Rate - (minus) Death Rate of a population

• Life Expectancy

The average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, if demographic factor remain unchanged.

• Population Pyramid

A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups

• Population Projections

Predictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality and migration

• Population Momentum

The tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in birth rate or fertility levels.

an example of The Differences between LEDC and MEDC Based on 5 Indicators

Indicator (2012)	Singapore (MEDC)	Indonesia (LEDC)
Crude Birth Rate	10/1,000 people	19/1,000 people
Crude Death Rate	5/1,000 people	6/1,000 people
Infant and Child Mortality Rate	3/1,000 people	31/1,000 people
Fertility Rate	1.3/woman	2.4/woman
Life Expectancy	82 years	71 years

Source: worldbank

Example of Population Pyramids

MEDC

Singapore 2010

Population: 5,078,000 

Source: Population Pyramid Singapore

LEDC

Indonesia 2010

Population: 240,676,000

Source: Population Pyramid Indonesia

2. Response to High and Low Fertility

Key Words:

• Dependency Ratios

A measure showing the number of dependents (aged 0-14 and over the age of 65) to the number of work force (aged 15-64)

• Ageing Ratios

A measure showing the number of the elderly (over age of 65) to the number of work force (aged 15-64)

• Youthful Population

In the population structure of LEDCs, a large number of people under age of 16

• Ageing Population

In the population structure of MEDCs, a large number of the elderly citizens due to the advances in nutrition and medical care

• Pro-Natalist Policy

A country/government wishes to increase its population size by promotes the human reproduction

• Anti-Natalist Policy

A country/government wants to limit its population size.

Examples of   The Case Study of Response to High and Low Fertility
Examine The Impacts of Aging Population in Germany (Olethea and Olivia)
Examine The Impacts of Youthful Population in India (Natalie and Carrie)
Examine The Impacts of Youthful Population in Indonesia (Hitomi and Manae) 
Evaluate Examples of an Anti-Natalist Policy in India (Saki and Surabhi)
Evaluate Examples of an Anti-Natalist Policy in China (William and Allen)
Evaluate Examples of a Pro-Natalist Policy in Singapore (Jee Young and Tamaha)


3. Movement Response - Migration
Key Words:

• Migration

Movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living condition

• Forced Migration
• Voluntary Migration

Caused of Migration
Forced Migration	Voluntary Migration
Natural disaster	Education
War	Healthcare
Famine + Disease	Jobs (Expats)
Political Pressure	Financial Stability
Corruption	Better Welfare (Better Standard of Living)

An Example of International Migration and Internal Migration
International Migration: India -> Singapore
Internal Migration: China -> Rural to City

Lee's Push and Pull Theory

Push:

• No Job
• Poor Education
• Poor Lifestyle

Pull:

• More Jobs
• Better Education
• Better Lifestyle

4. Gender and Change

Key Words:

• Culture
• Status
• Education
• Sex Ratios
• Health
• Employment
• Empowerment
• Family Size
• Migration
• Legal Rights
• Land Tenure

Examples of Gender Inequality case study

Gender Inequality in Qatar (Olethea and Olivia)

Gender Inequality in Indonesia (Hirakazu and Andy)
Gender Inequality in Italy (Carrie and Natalie)
Gender Inequality in India (Surabhi, Boris and Saki)
Gender Inequality in Iran (Jee Young and Tamaha)
Gender Inequality in Japan (Hitomi and Manae)
Gender Inequality in China (William and Allen)

The example of Geography unit 1 exam questions

1. Analyse the Anti-Natalist Policy of a country you have studied. (5 marks)
2. Explain two economic effect of a youthful population structure. (4 marks)
3. With reference to a case study evaluate Anti-Natalist policy (4 marks)
4. With reference to a case study material describe how life expectancy compares in different countries. (3 marks)