Wednesday 24 September 2014

IB Geography Core Topic: Populations in Transition Revision

IB Diploma Programme Geography Core Theme - Patterns and Change
Unit 1: Populations in Transitions

1. Population Change
Key words:
  • Trend (Increase, Decrease) (Overtime)
A general direction in which something is developing or changing
  • Pattern (Spatial)
A regular and intelligible or sequence recognised in certain actions or situations
  • Birth Rate and Death Rate
The number of death/1,000 people in a particular area per year (Death Rate)
The number of birth/1,000 people in a particular area per year (Birth Rate)
  • Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of children less than one year old per 1,000 live births
  • Child Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of children under age of five (5) per 1,000 children
  • Fertility Rate
The average number of children would be born to a woman over her lifetime
  • Natural Increases
Birth Rate - (minus) Death Rate of a population
  • Life Expectancy
The average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, if demographic factor remain unchanged.
  • Population Pyramid
A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups
  • Population Projections
Predictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality and migration
  • Population Momentum
The tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in birth rate or fertility levels.

an example of The Differences between LEDC and MEDC Based on 5 Indicators

Indicator (2012)
Singapore (MEDC)
Indonesia (LEDC)
Crude Birth Rate
10/1,000 people
19/1,000 people
Crude Death Rate
5/1,000 people
6/1,000 people
Infant and Child Mortality Rate
3/1,000 people
31/1,000 people
Fertility Rate
1.3/woman
2.4/woman
Life Expectancy
82 years
71 years
Source: worldbank

Example of Population Pyramids
MEDC
Singapore 2010
Population: 5,078,000 
Indonesia 2010
Population: 240,676,000

2. Response to High and Low Fertility
Key Words:
  • Dependency Ratios
A measure showing the number of dependents (aged 0-14 and over the age of 65) to the number of work force (aged 15-64)
  • Ageing Ratios
A measure showing the number of the elderly (over age of 65) to the number of work force (aged 15-64)
  • Youthful Population
In the population structure of LEDCs, a large number of people under age of 16
  • Ageing Population
In the population structure of MEDCs, a large number of the elderly citizens due to the advances in nutrition and medical care
  • Pro-Natalist Policy
A country/government wishes to increase its population size by promotes the human reproduction
  • Anti-Natalist Policy
A country/government wants to limit its population size.

Examples of   The Case Study of Response to High and Low Fertility
Examine The Impacts of Aging Population in Germany (Olethea and Olivia)
Examine The Impacts of Youthful Population in India (Natalie and Carrie)
Examine The Impacts of Youthful Population in Indonesia (Hitomi and Manae) 
Evaluate Examples of an Anti-Natalist Policy in India (Saki and Surabhi)
Evaluate Examples of an Anti-Natalist Policy in China (William and Allen)
Evaluate Examples of a Pro-Natalist Policy in Singapore (Jee Young and Tamaha)


3. Movement Response - Migration
Key Words:
  • Migration
Movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living condition
  • Forced Migration
  • Voluntary Migration

Caused of Migration
Forced Migration
Voluntary Migration
Natural disaster
Education
War
Healthcare
Famine + Disease
Jobs (Expats)
Political Pressure
Financial Stability
Corruption
Better Welfare (Better Standard of Living)


An Example of International Migration and Internal Migration
International Migration: India -> Singapore
Internal Migration: China -> Rural to City

Lee's Push and Pull Theory

Push:
  • No Job
  • Poor Education
  • Poor Lifestyle
Pull:
  • More Jobs
  • Better Education
  • Better Lifestyle
4. Gender and Change
Key Words:
  • Culture
  • Status
  • Education
  • Sex Ratios
  • Health
  • Employment
  • Empowerment
  • Family Size
  • Migration
  • Legal Rights
  • Land Tenure

Examples of Gender Inequality case study
The example of Geography unit 1 exam questions
  1. Analyse the Anti-Natalist Policy of a country you have studied. (5 marks)
  2. Explain two economic effect of a youthful population structure. (4 marks)
  3. With reference to a case study evaluate Anti-Natalist policy (4 marks)
  4. With reference to a case study material describe how life expectancy compares in different countries. (3 marks)

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